Syntax
Agreement of the verb with its subject को syntax कहा जाता है।
Rules-
1. Singular Subject के साथ Singular verb तथा Plural Subject के साथ Plural verb का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
नोट- Modal Verbs (will, shall, may, can, would, should, might, could, ought to, must, need not, dare not, used to) और Plural Subjects के साथ एक समान होता है।
देखिए-
- This mango is very sweet. (✔)
- This mango are very sweet. (✖)
- His dog barks at the strangers. (✔)
- His dog bark at the strangers. (✖)
- These apples are very sweet. (✔)
- These apples is very sweet. (✖)
- The boys were playing cricket. (✔)
- The boys was playing cricket. (✖)
- His children do their home work. (✔)
- His children does their home work. (✖)
2. जब दो या दो से अधिक Singular Subjects 'and' से जुड़े हों, तब उनके साथ Plural Verb का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
देखिए-
- Soni and Sheetu are going to the cinema. (✔)
- Soni and Sheetu is going to the cinema. (✖)
3. यदि दो Singular Nouns 'and' द्वारा जुड़े हों तथा वे एक ही व्यक्ति अथवा वस्तु का बोध कराते हों, तो उनके साथ हमेशा Singular Verb का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
- The Principal and teacher has just gone. (✔)
- The Principal and teacher have just gone. (✖)
- A black and white cow is grazing in the field. (✔)
- A black and white cow are grazing in the field. (✖)
नोट - इस स्थिति में Article (a/an/the) का प्रयोग सिर्फ पहले Noun के साथ किया जाता है।
यदि दो भिन्न व्यक्तियों या वस्तुओं का अर्थ प्रकट करना हो, तो Article का प्रयोग प्रत्येक Noun के पहले किया जायेगा तथा Verb भी सदैव plural ही होगा।
देखिए-
- The Principal and the teacher has come. (✖)
- The Principal and the teacher have come. (✔)
- A black (cow) and a white cow is grazing. (✖)
- A black (cow) and a white cow are grazing. (✔)
4. अंग्रेजी में कुछ Nouns ऐसे हैं, जो एक जोड़े में प्रयोग किये जाते हैं तथा वे एक idea व्यक्त करते हैं। ऐसे Pairs of Nouns के साथ Singular Verb का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
वे Nouns निम्नलिखित हैं-
- Bread and milk, Bread and butter, Slow and steady, Rice and curry, Summary and substance, horse and carriage, pen and ink इत्यादि।
देखिए-
- Slow and steady win the race. (✖)
- Slow and steady wins the race. (✔)
- Bread and milk are wholesome food. (✖)
- Bread and milk is a wholesome food. (✔)
- Rice and curry are tasty dish. (✖)
- Rice and curry is a tasty dish. (✔)
- The horse and carriage are waiting for you. (✖)
- The horse and carriage is waiting for you. (✔)
5. यदि 'and' से जुड़े Singular Subjects के पहले 'each' या 'every का प्रयोग किया गया हो, तो साधारणतया Singular verb का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
देखिए-
- Every boy and girl were warned. (✖)
- Every boy and girl was warned. (✔)
- Each boy and each girl were rewarded. (✖)
- Each boy and each girl was rewarded. (✔)
- Every man, woman and child are happy. (✖)
- Every man, woman and child is happy. (✔)
6. यदि or अथवा nor से दो Personal Pronouns को जोड़ा जाये, तो क्रम निम्न प्रकार होता है-
Second person (you), Third person (he), First person (i) verb को उसके निकटवर्ती Subject के अनुसार रखा जाता है।
देखिए-
- Either he or I is at fault. (✖)
- Either he or I am at fault. (✔)
- Neither you nor he are at fault. (✖)
- Neither you nor he is at fault. (✔)
7. Each Either अथवा Neither का प्रयोग जब Subject के स्थान पर हो, तो Singular verb का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
देखिए-
- He has two daughters, either are able to do the sum. (✖)
- He has two daughters, either is able do to the sum. (✔)
- Each have come. (✖)
- Each has come. (✔)
8. Each, Every, Either तथा Neither के साथ Singular Noun तथा Singular Verb का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
देखिए-
- Every students have passed. (✖)
- Every students has passed. (✖)
- Every student has passed. (✔)
- Either students are able to do the sum. (✖)
- Either student are able to do the sum. (✖)
- Either student is able to do the sum. (✔)
पुनः,
Each of/Either of/Neither of के बाद Plural Noun अथवा Pronoun तथा Singular Verb का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
देखिए-
- Each of them want to go. (✖)
- Each of them wants to go. (✔)
- Either of you are to be rewarded. (✖)
- Either of you is to be rewarded. (✔)
- Neither of them knows Bhojpuri. (✔)
- Each of the students have to come. (✖)
- Each of the students has to come. (✔)
9. Collective Noun जब Single Body के रूप में प्रयोग किया जाता है, तो उसके साथ Singular Verb तथा Pronoun 'it/its' का प्रयोग होता है। परन्तु जब इसके Individual members/units का अर्थ प्रकट होता है, तो Plural Verb तथा Pronoun 'them/their ' का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
देखिए-
- The jury have given its decision. (✖)
- The jury has given its decision. (✔)
- The jury was divided in their opinions. (✖)
- The jury were divided in their opinions. (✔)
इस प्रकार के Nouns ये हैं- Government, jury, committee, Board, Federation, Public, Board, army, crowd, Mob, society, assembly, Parliament, crew, staff, Majority इत्यादि।
10. Relative Pronoun के ठीक बाद इसके Antecedent (पूरक) के अनुसार Singular अथवा Plural Verb का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
देखिए-
- He is the boy who have helped me. (✖)
- He is the boy who has helped me. (✔)
- One of the best students that has come will be rewarded. (✖)
- One of the best students that have come will be rewarded. (✔)
पुनः,
Relative clause का verb अपने Antecedent के अनुसार होता है।
देखिए-
- I, who is your friend will not work with you. (✖)
- 1, who am your friend will not work with you. (✔)
- You, who is my senior, should teach me. (✖)
- You, who are my senior, should teach me. (✔)
11. A number of के साथ Plural Noun तथा Plural Verb का प्रयोग किया जाता है, जबकि The number of के साथ Plural Noun तथा Singular Verb का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
देखिए-
- A number of boys has come. (✖)
- A number of boy has come. (✖)
- A number of boys have come. (✔)
- The number of students are increasing. (✖)
- The number of student is increasing. (✖)
- The number of students is increasing. (✔)
12. Many, A good many A great many तथा Plural Verb का प्रयोग किया जाता है, जबकि many a/an के बाद Singular Noun तथा Singular Verb का प्रयोग होता है।
- Many student has participated here. (✖)
- Many students have participated here. (✔)
- A good many musician has come. (✖)
- A good many musician have come. (✖)
- A good many musicians have come. (✔)
- A good many musicians has come. (✖)
परन्तु,
- Many a students have been rewarded. (✖)
- Many a student have been rewarded. (✖)
- Many a student has been rewarded. (✔)
13. Everyone, Everybody, Someone, Somebody, No one, No- body, Anyone, Anybody, Anything, Nothing
इत्यादि के साथ Singular Verb का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
देखिए-
- Everyone were rewarded. (✖)
- Everyone was rewarded. (✔)
- Nothing were lost. (✖)
- Nothing was lost. (✔)
- Nobody know the fact. (✖)
- Nobody knows the fact. (✔)
14. Few/a few/the few के बाद Plural Noun तथा Plural Verb का प्रयोग किया जाता है, जबकि little/a little/The little के बाद Uncountable Noun तथा Singular Verb का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
- A few boys has come. (✖)
- A few boys have come. (✔)
- A little money were spent. (✖)
- A little money was spent. (✔)
15. यदि दो Subjects, as well as, with, together with, along with, in addition to, rather than, and not, besides, like, except, accompanied by, headed by, led by, governed by इत्यादि से जुड़े हों, तो Verb पहले Subject के अनुसार प्रयोग किया जाता है।
देखिए-
- Sachin as well as his friends are coming. (✖)
- Sachin as well as his friends is coming. (✔)
- Anwar and not you, have done it. (✖)
- Anwar and not you, has done it. (✔)
- The teacher, with all his students, were present. (✖)
- The teacher, with all his students, was present. (✔)
- Ashish, rather than you, have to go. (✖)
- Ashish, rather than you, has to go. (✔)
- She as well as her parents have come. (✖)
- She as well as her parents has come. (✔)
16. जब दो subjects को 'Neither.....nor', Either...... or, अथवा, Not 'only.....but also' से जोड़ा जाता है, तो Verb अपने पास (near) के Subject के अनुसार Singular अथवा Plural होता है।
देखिए-
- Either you or he are to go. (✖)
- Either you or he is to go. (✔)
- Neither the parents nor the sons has come. (✖)
- Neither the parents nor the sons have come. (✔)
- Not only the director but also the students were present. (✔)
- Not only the director but also the students was present. (✖)
17. A word of collective noun + of + PCN + SV
- A band of musician has come. (✖)
- A band of musicians have come. (✖)
- A band of musicians has come. (✔)
18. एक निश्चित समय (time), दूरी (distance), रकम (amount) इत्यादि को बतलाने के लिए Singular Verb का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
- Fifty kilometers are long distance. (✖)
- Fifty kilometers is a long distance. (✔)
- Ten thousand rupees are big amount. (✖)
- Ten thousand rupees is a big amount. (✔)
But,
- Ten thousand rupees have been spent. (✔)
19. कुछ Nouns वैसे होते हैं जो देखने में Plural लगते हैं लेकिन उसके अर्थ Singular होते हैं, ऐसे Nouns के साथ Singular Verb का प्रयोग किया जाता है। वे Nouns- Mathematics, Physics, Politics, Economics etc.
देखिए -
- Mathematics are good subject. (✖)
- Mathematics is a good subject. (✔)
परन्तु,
- His mathematics is good. (✖)
- His mathematics are good. (✔)
20. कुछ Nouns देखने में Singular होते हैं परन्तु उसके अर्थ Plural होते हैं, ऐसे Nouns के साथ Plural verb का प्रयोग किया जाता है। वे Nouns हैं- Cattle, People, Police, Peasantry, clergy, gentry etc.
देखिए-
- The cattle is grazing in the field. (✖)
- The cattle are grazing in the field. (✔)
- The cattles are grazing in the field. (✖)
- The people was fully satisfied with the C.M. (✖)
- The people were fully satisfied with the C.M. (✔)
21. 'Other' के साथ Plural Noun तथा Plural verb का प्रयोग किया जाता है, जबकि 'another' के साथ Singular Noun तथा Singular Verb का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
देखिए -
- There is so many other hotel than the Maurya in the city. (✖)
- There are so many other hotels than the Maurya in the city. (✔)
- There is another schools near the Golghar. (✖)
- There are another schools near the Golghar. (✖)
- There is another school near the Golghar. (✔)
22. 'The Adjective' (जैसे-The rich, The poor, The young, The old, The French. The English) से पूरी जाति (Class/group) का बोध होता है, अतः इसके साथ Plural verb का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
देखिए -
- The rich hates the poor. (✖)
- The rich hate the poor. (✔)
- The poor is honest. (✖)
- The poor are honest. (✔)
23. All तथा some के साथ Plural Countable Noun तथा Plural verb अथवा Uncountable Noun तथा Singular verb का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
देखिए-
- Some animal is faithful. (✖)
- Some animals are faithful. (✔)
- Some water are needed. (✖)
- Some water is needed. (✔)
- All the money were stolen. (✖)
- All the money was stolen. (✔)
- All the student is laborious. (✖)
- All the students are laborious. (✔)
24. निम्नलिखित Phrases के बाद आने वाले Noun के अनुसार Singular या Plural verb का प्रयोग किया जाता है-
Lots of, a lot of, plenty of, a quarter of, part of, percent of, one third of, half of, most of, some of, all of, a good deal of etc.
देखिए -
- A lot of books was published. (✖)
- A lot of books were published. (✔)
- A lot of milk were bought. (✖)
- A lot of milk was bought. (✔)
- Plenty of sugar are required. (✖)
- Plenty of sugar is required. (✔)
25. कुछ Nouns जो देखने में Plural लगते हैं तथा दो भागों में बने होते हैं, उनके साथ Plural verb का प्रयोग किया जाता है। वे हैं-Trousers, pants, scissors, spectacles, shoes, glasses, goggles etc.
देखिए-
- My shoe is new. (✖)
- My shoes are new. (✔)
- Payal's spectacle is new. (✖)
- Payal's spectacles are new. (✔)
- The scissor is sharp. (✖)
- The scissors are sharp. (✔)
परन्तु जब इनके पहले 'A pair of का प्रयोग हुआ हो तो इनके साथ Singular verb का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
देखिए -
- A pair of scissors were bought. (✖)
- A pair of scissors was bought. (✔)
- Only one pair of shoes are to be repaired. (✖)
- Only one pair of shoes is to be repaired. (✔)
26. Phrase 'More than one' के साथ Singular noun तथा Singular verb का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
देखिए -
- More than one students were absent. (✖)
- More than one student was absent. (✔)
- More than one passengers were killed. (✖)
- More than one passenger was killed. (✔)
परन्तु,
- More books than one has been bought by Navneet. (✖)
- More books than one have been bought by Navneet. (✔)
- More students than one is present in the class. (✖)
- More students than one are present in the class. (✔)
- More children than one are not traceable. (✔)
- More children than one is not traceable. (✖)
- More child than one is not traceable. (✖)
27. किसी Preposition के ठीक पहले और बाद में एक ही Noun हो तो वह Noun singular होता है तथा उसके लिए प्रयोग किया जाने वाला Verb भी Singular होता है।
देखिए -
- Man after man are coming here. (✖)
- Men after men are coming here. (✖)
- Man after man is coming here. (✔)
- Month after month have passed. (✖)
- Month after month has passed. (✔)
28. यदि वाक्य में 'there' तथा 'It' का प्रयोग Introductory subjects के रूप में हुआ हो तो 'There' के साथ verb का प्रयोग 'There' के बाद आने वाले Noun के अनुसार होता है।
परन्तु,
- It + Singular verb + Other words
'It' के साथ हमेशा Singular Verb का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
- There Verb + Noun + Other words
देखिए-
- There was an old farmer. (✔)
- There were five farmers. (✔)
- There was five old farmers. (✖)
- There is students in the class. (✖)
- There are students in the class. (✔)
Again,
- It is these students that came on time. (✔)
- It are these students that came on time. (✖)
- Is there any difficulties? (✖)
- Are there any difficulties? (✔)
- It was Monu and Payal. (✔)
- It were Monu and Payal. (✖)
29. Present (वर्तमान) के Unfulfilled desire, wish, condition को बतलाने के लिए I wish, We wish, He wishes, As though, As if, If इत्यादि के साथ यदि TOBE का प्रयोग हो तो सिर्फ 'were' का प्रयोग किया जाता है चाहे Subject Singular हो या Plural.
देखिए -
- She wishes she was a bird. (✖)
- She wishes she were a bird. (✔)
- If I was you, I would have told her to leave the room. (✖)
- If I were you, I would have told her to leave the room. (✔)
- If she was you, she would do it. (✖)
- If she were you, she would do it. (✔)
30. सामान्यतया Hardly, scarcely, Rarely, Seldom, Never before, outside जैसे Adverbs/Adverbs of place से शुरू होने वाले वाक्यों में Verb को Subject के पहले रखा जाता है, और वह उसी Subject के अनुसार Singular या Plural होता है।
देखिए-
- Outside the institute was standing a student. (✔)
- Outside the institute were standing four students. (✔)
- Seldom does she visit me. (✔)
- Seldom do they come to me. (✔)
- Under a tree was lying tired workers. (✖)
- Under a tree were lying tired workers. (✔)
- Hardly do she go to college. (✖)
- Hardly does she go to college. (✔)