Non-Finite Verb
वैसे Verbs जो अपने Subject के Number और Person के अनुसार नहीं बदलते है, Non Finites या Infinite Verbs कहलाते है।
Non finites तीन तरह के होते है।
- Infinitive (To + V1)
- Gerund (V + ing)
- Participle (Verb + ed/en, Having + V3)
Infinitive
Infinitive ‘non-finite verb' का वह रूप है जो 'To' के साथ या 'To' के बिना प्रयुक्त होता है।
Ex:-
- I want to read. [Infinitive with 'to']
- Let me go. [Infinitive without "to"]
Use of Infinitive
1. वाक्य के Subject (कर्त्ता ), Object (कर्म), Verb (क्रिया) के Complement तथा Preposition के Object के रूप में-
Ex:-
- To play is a good exercise.
- No one likes to die.
- He is to come here.
- She is about to sleep.
2. उद्देश्य (Purpose) या कारण (Cause) बतलाने के लिए -
Ex:-
- You have come here for reading. (✖)
- You have come here to read. (✔)
इसी प्रकार,
- She is frank enough for speaking. (✖)
- She is frank enough to speak. (✔)
Some Important Points
Advise, teach, tell, allow, invite, show, forbid, compel, require, remind, order, ask, beg, permit, encourage.
Ex:-
- She advised him read mindly. (✖)
- She advised him to read mindly. (✔)
इसी प्रकार,
- He compelled me leave the place. (✖)
- He compelled me to leave the place. (✔)
2. Like, want, wish, promise आदि के बाद Object + to + V1 का प्रयोग होता है।
Ex:-
- I want to go.
- Ram wants everyone to listen this notice.
3. Let, make, see, hear, dare not, need not, bid आदि के बाद Infinitive का प्रयोग बिना 'To' का होता है।
Ex:-
- Let them to go there. (✖)
- Let them go there. (✔)
इसी प्रकार,
- He made me to laugh. (✖)
- He made me laugh. (✔)
4. Had better, had rather, would rather, sooner than, rather, than, nothing but के बाद Infinitive का प्रयोग बगैर 'To' का होता है।
Ex:-
- You had better to go. (✖)
- You had better go. (✔)
- I would rather to die than beg. (✖)
- I would rather die than beg. (✔)
5. Shall, will, can, could, would, should, may, might, must अर्थात् Model Auxiliary Verbs के बाद भी Infinitive का प्रयोग बगैर 'To' का होता है।
Ex:-
- It may to rain now. (✖)
- It may rain now. (✔)
इसी प्रकार,
- You should to forgive her. (✖)
- You should forgive her. (✔)
6. Infinitive यानि To + V1 के बीच Adverb का प्रयोग नहीं करना चाहिए -
Ex:-
- I found her to Loudly sing. (✖)
- I found her to sing loudly. (✔)
इसी प्रकार
- He asked me to not open the door. (✖)
- He asked me not to open the door. (✔)
7. निम्नलिखित Verbs के बाद सीधा infinitive (To + V1) ही प्रयोग होता है।
Appear, forget, stop, refuse, promise, prove, remember, begin, decide, seem, try
Ex:-
- They refused to work for you. (✔)
पुन:
- He forget that he should bring a pen. (✖)
- He forget to bring a pen. (✔)
8. Know के बाद how/where/when why का प्रयोग कर Infinitive (To + V1) का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
Ex:-
- I know to play the harmonium. (✖)
- I know how to play the harmonium. (✔)
इसी प्रकार
- I know where/why/when start the work. (✖)
- I know where/why/when to start the work. (✔)
Gerund
जब Verb में ing लगाकर Noun के रूप में प्रयोग किया जाता है, तो वह Gerund कहलाता है।
अर्थात्
V + ing → Noun
Ex:-
- Walking is useful
- Swimming is an exercise.
Use of Gerund
1. वाक्य के Subject (कर्त्ता ), Object (कर्म), Verb (क्रिया) के Complement तथा Preposition के Object के रूप में-
Ex:-
- Smoking is harmful.
- You need beating.
- Her hobby is gardening.
- The boys are tired of waiting.
Some Important Points
1. निम्नलिखित Prepostion के बाद Verb का ing रूप अर्थात् Gerund का प्रयोग होता है।
- Beside, at, in, on, from, of, after, with, before, for, without
Ex:-
- I am fond of teach. (✖)
- I am fond of teaching. (✔)
इसी प्रकार,
- The teacher prevented him from do so. (✖)
- The teacher prevented him from doing so. (✔)
2. निम्नलिखित Phrases ऐसे है जिनके साथ To होते हुए भी इनके बाद V + ing का प्रयोग होता है न कि V1 का।
Addicted to, habituated to, accustomed to, with a view to, used to, look forward to, fed up with.
Ex:-
- Ram came here with a view to read. (✖)
- Ram came here with a view to reading. (✔)
पुन:
- Sita is habituated to dance. (✖)
- Sita is habituated to dancing. (✔)
3. Possessive Adjectives (my, his, our, their, her, your, Ram's etc.) के बाद Verb & Gerund Form (V+ing) प्रयोग होता है।
Ex:-
- We should not mind his come late. (✖)
- We should not mind his coming late. (✔)
पुन:
- I like Lata's sing. (✖)
- I like Lata's singing. (✔)
6. निम्नलिखित Verbs के बाद Gerund का प्रयोग होता है न कि infinitive का -
Ex:-
Mind, enjoy, dislike, like, avoid, admit, appreciate, stop excuse, no use, good use, prevent, detest, deny, excuse.
- There is no use to write a letter. (✖)
- There is no use writing a letter. (✔)
पुनः
- I avoided to meet a girl. (✖)
- I avoided meeting a girl. (✔)
Participle
Participle क्रिया (Verb) का वह रूप है जो एक क्रिया के रूप में तथा एक विशेषण (Adjective) के रूप में काम करता है।
Ex:-
I am writing a letter.
The running girl is my sister.
Participle के तीन रूप होते है -
- Present Participle (V + ing, being + V3)
- Past Participle (Verb + ed/en/ne)
- Perfect Participle (Having + V3)
1. PRESENT PARTICIPLE
(i) जब एक ही Subject द्वारा दो कार्य एक साथ किए जाए या एक कार्य के तुरंत बाद दूसरा कार्य हो, तो Present Participle का प्रयोग होता है।
Ex:-
- Opening the box he took out the water.
- The student left the class shouting.
(ii) निम्नलिखित Verb of sensation के बाद Object Complement के रूप में Present Participle का प्रयोग होता है।
Hear, see, feel, smell, find, watch, tease, listen, look, observe, perceive.
Ex:-
- I felt the house shake. (✖)
- I felt the house shaking. (✔)
2. PAST PARTICIPLE
(i) सामान्यतः Verb के साथ ed/en/t या en लगाकर Past Participle बनाया जाता है।
Ex:-
- Worked, eaten, sent. gone etc.
(ii) Past Participle का प्रयोग पूर्ण रूप से Adjective की तरह होता है।
Ex:-
- A tired man was sleeping under the tree.
- The tiger was killed.
3. PERFECT PARTICIPLE
i) जब एक क्रिया के पूरी होने के बाद दूसरी क्रिया होती है तो Perfect Participle (Having + V3) का प्रयोग होता है।
अर्थात्
Having + V3 = Perfect Participle
Ex :-
- Taking tea, I went out the house. (✖)
- Having taken tea, I went out the house. (✔)
(क्योंकि चाय पीने के बाद मैं घर से बाहर निकला अर्थात्, एक कार्य पूरी तरह होने के बाद दूसरा कार्य हुआ है।)
Some Important Points
1. हर Participle के लिए एक Subject of reference का होना अनिवार्य होता है।
Ex:-
- Being a fine day, he went for a walk. (✖)
(यहाँ being के लिए Subject of reference नहीं है अतः इसके लिए एक Subject of reference देना होगा।)
- It being a fine day he went for a walk. (✔)
Subject of reference की जाँच :- इसके जाँच के लिए Participle के पहले दूसरे Clause के Subject को मन ही मन Participle के पहले रखकर देखे। यदि उस Participle के साथ Participle सही अर्थ देता है इसका मतलब है Participle का प्रयोग बिल्कूल सही है। यदि सही अर्थ नहीं देता है तो इसका मतलब है कि Participle का प्रयोग त्रुटिपूर्ण है। अतः ऐसे वाक्य में Participle के पहले एक Subject of reference देकर वाक्य शुद्ध करें-
Ex:-
- Being beautiful sight, It charmed all of us. (✔)
(क्योंकि यहाँ being के लिए Subject of reference दूसरे Clause का It मौजूद है।)
3. Having के बाद Active Voice में V3 का प्रयोग होता है जबकि Passive Voice में Having been + V3 या being + V3 का प्रयोग होता है।
Ex :-
- Having deserted by her husband she committed suicide. (✖)
- Having been deserted by her husband she committed suicide. (✔)
याद रखें:-
V3 + by + O, Passive voice का सूचक होता है।
Ex :-
- The leader.having killed, the follower ran away. (✖)
- The leader having been killed, the follower ran away. (✔)
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